Atomic Subshell Orbital Model Kit (Quantum Model / Atomic Electron Shell Structure Model)

Model:

Atomic Subshell Orbital Model Kit (Quantum Model / Atomic Electron Shell Structure Model)

Applicable Scope:

High school chemistry "Structure and Properties of Matter," college general chemistry, and atomic structure special topic teaching. Used to explain electron shells, electron subshells, s orbitals, p orbitals, quantum numbers, and other atomic structure-related knowledge points. Suitable for both teacher demonstrations and student group experiments.

Principle:

This model set is used to visually display the layered arrangement of electrons outside the atomic nucleus, distinguish K, L, and other electron shells (1s, 2s subshells), and simulate the spatial forms of s orbital spherical electron clouds and p orbital dumbbell-shaped electron clouds. With the help of stands and connecting rods, it demonstrates the extension directions of orbitals in space, helping students understand abstract concepts such as atomic orbitals and electron subshells in quantum mechanics. Dimensions: 24 × 16.7 × 7 cm; Weight: 563 g

Component Description:

Teacher's Guide: Includes teaching principles, Knowledge Points That Can Be Demonstrated, and knowledge point explanations. 30 Student Worksheets and Guides: Accompanying student exercise handouts, suitable for classroom group teaching. Bases: Model support bases, used to fix the upright rods and ensure the orbital models stand stably for display. 1s (K shell), 2s (L shell): Transparent circular discs, representing the K shell 1s orbital and L shell 2s orbital (s orbitals, spherical electron clouds). p orbitals: Teardrop/dumbbell-shaped colored components, representing p orbitals, displaying the spatial extension forms of p orbitals in the x, y, and z directions. Electrons: Small black particles, representing electrons, used to fill orbitals and demonstrate electron arrangement, the Pauli principle, and Hund's rule. Crossbars: Used to fix p orbital components and build a three-dimensional spatial framework.

Knowledge Points That Can Be Demonstrated:

Concepts of electron shells (K, L shells) and electron subshells (s, p subshells); Spatial shapes of s orbital spherical and p orbital dumbbell-shaped electron clouds; The three mutually perpendicular extension directions of p orbitals in space; Rules of electron arrangement outside the atomic nucleus: Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, Hund's rule; Basic quantum model concepts such as atomic orbitals and quantum numbers.

Core Functions:

Electron Shell and Subshell Display K shell (n=1): 1 s orbital (red/pink, spherical) – lowest energy, closest to the nucleus. L shell (n=2): 1 s orbital + 3 p orbitals (purple/blue, dumbbell-shaped) – energy E2 > E1, electrons are on average farther from the nucleus. M shell (n=3): 1 s orbital + 3 p orbitals + 5 d orbitals (green/yellow, petal-shaped) – energy E3 > E2 – demonstrates the energy differences among subshells. Demonstration of the Penetration Effect: Using the degree of orbital overlap (e.g., the 3s orbital penetrates closer to the nucleus than 3p or 3d), visually explains the penetration ability order: ns > np > nd > nf. Comparison of Electron Cloud Shapes: Contrast the spatial distributions of s (spherical), p (dumbbell), and d (petal) orbitals to understand differences in electron probability density.

Assembly Steps:

Select the electron shell: Choose the orbital discs corresponding to the desired shell based on teaching needs (e.g., for the L shell: s + p orbitals). Fix the nucleus: Place the black nucleus model on the base as the orbital center. Connect the orbital discs: Attach the orbital discs to the nucleus using connecting rods, adjusting angles to standard configurations (e.g., p orbitals oriented along the x, y, z axes). Assemble multiple shells: Stack orbitals from different shells (e.g., K shell s + L shell s/p) to show the layered structure of electron shells (larger n = farther from nucleus).

Product Features:

Visualized electron clouds: Abstract, directly unobservable atomic orbitals are made into physical three-dimensional models, solving difficulties in quantum structure teaching; Detachable and assemblable: Components can be freely assembled, flexibly building 1s, 2s, and 2p orbital combination structures; Accompanying teaching materials: Includes a teacher's guide + 30 student worksheets, suitable for class-scale teaching; Clear component distinction: Components of different colors and shapes distinguish s/p orbitals for easy identification.

Teaching Uses:

Teacher classroom demonstration: Explaining atomic structure, electron subshells, and orbital spatial configurations; Student groups hands-on assembly, understanding electron clouds and orbital extension directions; Used for elective examinations on structure of matter and college basic chemistry introductory teaching.